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Tonsillectomy is used to treat recurrent throat infections that affect the tonsils (tonsillitis) and obstructive sleep apnoea. It is not clear if children with these conditions always benefit from surgery, or whether they would get better without surgery.

This chapter examines the use of lumbar spinal surgery to treat degenerative spinal conditions. It does not include surgery to treat infection, tumours or injury.

What do clinicians need to know? 

Purpose

To ensure that women who experience a third or fourth degree perineal tear receive appropriate follow-up care after leaving hospital, to optimise their physical, emotional, psychological and sexual health. To ensure that appropriate referral pathways are in place.

Purpose

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